Modeling Diachrony in Dictionaries

we want to show in this paper that it is possible to apply coherent modeling principles to deal with this variety of structures while providing a precise account of complex sub-components such as diachronic information as they appear in dictionaries with wide lexical coverage. Besides, we want to show that such modeling principles can guide the possible evolution of the TEI towards a more flexible data for the concrete representation of dictionaries

Proposals for a normalized representation of Standard Arabic full form lexica

Standardized lexical resources are an important prerequisite for the development of robust and wide coverage natural language processing application. Therefore, we applied the Lexical Markup Framework, a recent ISO initiative towards standards for designing, implementing and representing lexical resources, on a test bed of data for an Arabic full form lexicon. Besides minor structural accommodation that would be needed in order to take into account the traditional root-based organization of Arabic dictionaries, the LMF proposal appeared to be suitable to our purpose, especially because of the separate management of the hierarchical data structure (LMF core model) and elementary linguistic descriptors (data categories)

Gestion de données terminologiques : principes, méthodes, modèles

Les données terminologiques multilingues représentent une composante essentielle dans de nombreux secteurs d'activité, dont la rédaction et la traduction techniques, l'indexation, la recherche d'information [WRI 97] [WRI 01]. L'élaboration de ces ressources s'avérant fort coûteuse, les échanges et la fusion de données constituent un aspect important de la constitution de la majeure partie des bases de données terminologiques connues. Dans le présent chapitre, nous essayons de montrer, en cohérence avec les grandes initiatives internationales de normalisation (ISO1, W3C2 et TEI3) comment il est possible d'apporter un certain nombre de réponses cohérentes à ces difficultés

Robust Organizational Principles of Protrusive Biopolymer Networks in Migrating Living Cells

Cell migration is associated with the dynamic protrusion of a thin actin-based cytoskeletal extension at the cell front, which has been shown to consist of two different substructures, the leading lamellipodium and the subsequent lamellum. While the formation of the lamellipodium is increasingly well understood, organizational principles underlying the emergence of the lamellum are just beginning to be unraveled. We report here on a 1D mathematical model which describes the reaction-diffusion processes of a polarized actin network in steady state, and reproduces essential characteristics of the lamellipodium-lamellum system. We observe a steep gradient in filament lengths at the protruding edge, a local depolymerization maximum a few microns behind the edge, as well as a differential dominance of the network destabilizer ADF/cofilin and the stabilizer tropomyosin. We identify simple and robust organizational principles giving rise to the derived network characteristics, uncoupled from the specifics of any molecular implementation, and thus plausibly valid across cell types. An analysis of network length dependence on physico-chemical system parameters implies that to limit array treadmilling to cellular dimensions, network growth has to be truncated by mechanisms other than aging-induced depolymerization, e.g., by myosin-associated network dissociation at the transition to the cell body. Our work contributes to the analytical understanding of the cytoskeletal extension's bisection into lamellipodium and lamellum and sheds light on how cells organize their molecular machinery to achieve motility

Towards a Reference Annotation Framework.

This paper discusses the main characteristics of a possible unified framework for specifying annotation schemes dedicated to the task of reference identification and linking on linguistic corpora. Built upon the foundation principles of the Linguistic Annotation Framework, the model (RAF, Reference Annotation Framework) is based on the combination of a simple meta-model (expressing markables and links between them) and a selection of data categories representing the information actually attached to each component of the meta-model. Based on the observation of existing practices we show how this model can be used in a variety of practical and theoretical configurations

Data Categories for a Normalized Reference Annotation Scheme.

This paper compiles a core set of data categories to be used in combination with the Reference Annotation Framework. It shows also that the underlying objective − ensuring internal and external coherence − is a difficult issue, since reference annotation articulates various levels of linguistic description which all contribute to the identification or qualification of markables and referential links

TAL

The few available French resources for evaluating linguistic models or algorithms on other linguistic levels than morpho-syntax are either insufficient from quantitative as well as qualitative point of view or not freely accessible. Based on this fact, the FREEBANK project intends to create French corpora constructed using manually revised output from a hybrid Constraint Grammar parser and annotated on several linguistic levels (structure, morpho-syntax, syntax, coreference), with the objective to make them available on-line for research purposes. Therefore, we will focus on using standard annotation schemes, integration of existing resources and maintenance allowing for continuous enrichment of the annotations. Prior to the actual presentation of the prototype that has been implemented, this paper describes a generic model for the organization and deployment of a linguistic resource archive, in compliance with the various works currently conducted within international standardization initiatives (TEI and ISO/TC 37/SC 4)

TAL

A partir d'extraits de corpus, nous montrons qu'un modèle d'interprétation de la référence basé exclusivement sur des contraintes imposées par l'expression linguistique (éventuellement accompagnée d'un geste de désignation) est insuffisant dans le cadre du dialogue avec support visuel. Pour exploiter finement ces contraintes, un tel modèle doit nécessairement s'appuyer sur une représentation des contextes intégrant les principes de fonctionnement de la perception visuelle, de la tâche et de la mémoire de l'utilisateur. Nous nous focalisons ici sur les mécanismes de construction et d'exploitation de ces contextes hétérogènes dans un cadre unifié. Nous proposons ainsi un modèle d'interprétation de la référence suffisamment générique pour pouvoir être appliqué à différents types d'interactions et à différents types d'applications

Standards going concrete: from LMF to Morphalou

Application of the ISO standard LMF to the French CNRS lexicon Morphalou. LMF is the ISO standard for NLP lexicons (aka ISO-24613)